Synthesis, characterization, biological activities, and catalytic applications of alcoholic extract of saffron (<i>Crocus sativus</i>) flower stigma-based gold nanoparticles

Abstract Currently, nanotechnology is gaining massive attention compared to conventional methods as the biosynthesis of plant-based nanoparticles considered safe, effective, and ecofriendly. Therefore, keeping in view importance nanotechnology, present study was designed synthesize, characterize, evaluate biological effectiveness saffron stigma-based gold (SS-AuNPs) for their vitro vivo properties. These were characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), diffraction (XRD). The highest antibacterial effect observed extract against Escherichia coli (22 mm). SS-AuNPs significantly inhibited activity enzyme urease (54.98%) CA-II (64.29%). However, nonsignificant inhibitory case α-chymotrypsin. Maximum analgesic (84.98%) antiinflammatory (88.98%) effects (10 mg/kg). Similarly, demonstrated a significant ( P &lt; 0.01) sedative at all tested doses.